In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
dm vdo: don't refer to dedupe_context after releasing it
Clear the dedupe_context pointer in a data_vio whenever ownership of
the context is lost, so that vdo can't examine it accidentally.
Meshtastic firmware is a device firmware for the Meshtastic project. The Meshtastic firmware does not check for packets claiming to be from the special broadcast address (0xFFFFFFFF) which could result in unexpected behavior and potential for DDoS attacks on the network. A malicious actor could craft a packet to be from that address which would result in an amplification of this one message into every node on the network sending multiple messages. Such an attack could result in degraded network performance for all users as the available bandwidth is consumed. This issue has been addressed in release version 2.5.6. All users are advised to upgrade. There are no known workarounds for this vulnerability.
Broken Access Control vulnerability in Automattic Newspack allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Newspack: from n/a through 3.8.6.
Missing Authorization vulnerability in JS Help Desk JS Help Desk – Best Help Desk & Support Plugin allows Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs.This issue affects JS Help Desk – Best Help Desk & Support Plugin: from n/a through 2.8.6.
Missing Authorization vulnerability in Rara Themes Business One Page allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Business One Page: from n/a through 1.2.9.
Missing Authorization vulnerability in Andy Moyle Church Admin allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Church Admin: from n/a through 4.4.4.
Missing Authorization vulnerability in E2Pdf.Com allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects e2pdf: from n/a through 1.20.27.
A vulnerability was found in code-projects Blood Bank Management System 1.0. It has been classified as problematic. This affects an unknown part of the file /file/request.php. The manipulation leads to cross-site request forgery. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.
A vulnerability was found in SourceCodester Airport Booking Management System 1.0 and classified as critical. Affected by this issue is the function Details. The manipulation of the argument passport/name leads to buffer overflow. The attack needs to be approached locally. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. Other parameters might be affected as well.
A vulnerability has been found in code-projects Blood Bank Management System 1.0 and classified as problematic. Affected by this vulnerability is an unknown functionality of the file /file/updateprofile.php. The manipulation leads to cross-site request forgery. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.
Proactive Risk Manager version 9.1.1.0 is affected by multiple Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities in the add/edit form fields, at the urls starting with the subpaths: /ar/config/configuation/ and /ar/config/risk-strategy-control/
EnGenius EWS356-Fit devices through 1.1.30 allow a remote attacker to conduct stored XSS attacks via the Wi-Fi SSID parameters. JavaScript embedded into a vulnerable field is executed when the user clicks the SSID field's corresponding EDIT button.
In Eclipse Mosquito, versions from 2.0.0 through 2.0.18, if a Mosquitto broker is configured to create an outgoing bridge connection, and that bridge connection has an incoming topic configured that makes use of topic remapping, then if the remote connection sends a crafted PUBLISH packet to the broker a double free will occur with a subsequent crash of the broker.
A vulnerability classified as critical has been found in code-projects Blood Bank System 1.0. This affects an unknown part of the file /admin/blood/update/B-.php. The manipulation of the argument Bloodname leads to sql injection. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.
A vulnerability has been identified in the Express response.links function, allowing for arbitrary resource injection in the Link header when unsanitized data is used.
The issue arises from improper sanitization in `Link` header values, which can allow a combination of characters like `,`, `;`, and `<>` to preload malicious resources.
This vulnerability is especially relevant for dynamic parameters.
lunary-ai/lunary v1.2.26 contains an email injection vulnerability in the Send email verification API (/v1/users/send-verification) and Sign up API (/auth/signup). An unauthenticated attacker can inject data into outgoing emails by bypassing the extractFirstName function using a different whitespace character (e.g., \xa0). This vulnerability can be exploited to conduct phishing attacks, damage the application's brand, cause legal and compliance issues, and result in financial impact due to unauthorized email usage.
mudler/localai version 2.17.1 is vulnerable to a Timing Attack. This type of side-channel attack allows an attacker to compromise the cryptosystem by analyzing the time taken to execute cryptographic algorithms. Specifically, in the context of password handling, an attacker can determine valid login credentials based on the server's response time, potentially leading to unauthorized access.
A clipboard "paste" button could persist across tabs which allowed a spoofing attack. This vulnerability affects Firefox < 132, Firefox ESR < 128.4, Thunderbird < 128.4, and Thunderbird < 132.
Repeated writes to history interface attributes could have been used to cause a Denial of Service condition in the browser. This was addressed by introducing rate-limiting to this API. This vulnerability affects Firefox < 132, Firefox ESR < 128.4, Thunderbird < 128.4, and Thunderbird < 132.
Video frames could have been leaked between origins in some situations. This vulnerability affects Firefox < 132, Firefox ESR < 128.4, Firefox ESR < 115.17, Thunderbird < 128.4, and Thunderbird < 132.
Truncation of a long URL could have allowed origin spoofing in a permission prompt. This vulnerability affects Firefox < 132, Firefox ESR < 128.4, Thunderbird < 128.4, and Thunderbird < 132.
In multipart/x-mixed-replace responses, `Content-Disposition: attachment` in the response header was not respected and did not force a download, which could allow XSS attacks. This vulnerability affects Firefox < 132, Firefox ESR < 128.4, Thunderbird < 128.4, and Thunderbird < 132.
The origin of an external protocol handler prompt could have been obscured using a data: URL within an `iframe`. This vulnerability affects Firefox < 132, Firefox ESR < 128.4, Thunderbird < 128.4, and Thunderbird < 132.
Mattermost versions 9.5.x <= 9.5.9 fail to properly filter the channel data when ElasticSearch is enabled which allows a user to get private channel names by using cmd+K/ctrl+K.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
btrfs: fix uninitialized pointer free on read_alloc_one_name() error
The function read_alloc_one_name() does not initialize the name field of
the passed fscrypt_str struct if kmalloc fails to allocate the
corresponding buffer. Thus, it is not guaranteed that
fscrypt_str.name is initialized when freeing it.
This is a follow-up to the linked patch that fixes the remaining
instances of the bug introduced by commit e43eec81c516 ("btrfs: use
struct qstr instead of name and namelen pairs").
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
blk-rq-qos: fix crash on rq_qos_wait vs. rq_qos_wake_function race
We're seeing crashes from rq_qos_wake_function that look like this:
BUG: unable to handle page fault for address: ffffafe180a40084
#PF: supervisor write access in kernel mode
#PF: error_code(0x0002) - not-present page
PGD 100000067 P4D 100000067 PUD 10027c067 PMD 10115d067 PTE 0
Oops: Oops: 0002 [#1] PREEMPT SMP PTI
CPU: 17 UID: 0 PID: 0 Comm: swapper/17 Not tainted 6.12.0-rc3-00013-geca631b8fe80 #11
Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS rel-1.16.0-0-gd239552ce722-prebuilt.qemu.org 04/01/2014
RIP: 0010:_raw_spin_lock_irqsave+0x1d/0x40
Code: 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 f3 0f 1e fa 0f 1f 44 00 00 41 54 9c 41 5c fa 65 ff 05 62 97 30 4c 31 c0 ba 01 00 00 00 <f0> 0f b1 17 75 0a 4c 89 e0 41 5c c3 cc cc cc cc 89 c6 e8 2c 0b 00
RSP: 0018:ffffafe180580ca0 EFLAGS: 00010046
RAX: 0000000000000000 RBX: ffffafe180a3f7a8 RCX: 0000000000000011
RDX: 0000000000000001 RSI: 0000000000000003 RDI: ffffafe180a40084
RBP: 0000000000000000 R08: 00000000001e7240 R09: 0000000000000011
R10: 0000000000000028 R11: 0000000000000888 R12: 0000000000000002
R13: ffffafe180a40084 R14: 0000000000000000 R15: 0000000000000003
FS: 0000000000000000(0000) GS:ffff9aaf1f280000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000
CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033
CR2: ffffafe180a40084 CR3: 000000010e428002 CR4: 0000000000770ef0
DR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000
DR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000fffe0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000400
PKRU: 55555554
Call Trace:
<IRQ>
try_to_wake_up+0x5a/0x6a0
rq_qos_wake_function+0x71/0x80
__wake_up_common+0x75/0xa0
__wake_up+0x36/0x60
scale_up.part.0+0x50/0x110
wb_timer_fn+0x227/0x450
...
So rq_qos_wake_function() calls wake_up_process(data->task), which calls
try_to_wake_up(), which faults in raw_spin_lock_irqsave(&p->pi_lock).
p comes from data->task, and data comes from the waitqueue entry, which
is stored on the waiter's stack in rq_qos_wait(). Analyzing the core
dump with drgn, I found that the waiter had already woken up and moved
on to a completely unrelated code path, clobbering what was previously
data->task. Meanwhile, the waker was passing the clobbered garbage in
data->task to wake_up_process(), leading to the crash.
What's happening is that in between rq_qos_wake_function() deleting the
waitqueue entry and calling wake_up_process(), rq_qos_wait() is finding
that it already got a token and returning. The race looks like this:
rq_qos_wait() rq_qos_wake_function()
==============================================================
prepare_to_wait_exclusive()
data->got_token = true;
list_del_init(&curr->entry);
if (data.got_token)
break;
finish_wait(&rqw->wait, &data.wq);
^- returns immediately because
list_empty_careful(&wq_entry->entry)
is true
... return, go do something else ...
wake_up_process(data->task)
(NO LONGER VALID!)-^
Normally, finish_wait() is supposed to synchronize against the waker.
But, as noted above, it is returning immediately because the waitqueue
entry has already been removed from the waitqueue.
The bug is that rq_qos_wake_function() is accessing the waitqueue entry
AFTER deleting it. Note that autoremove_wake_function() wakes the waiter
and THEN deletes the waitqueue entry, which is the proper order.
Fix it by swapping the order. We also need to use
list_del_init_careful() to match the list_empty_careful() in
finish_wait().
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
blk-mq: setup queue ->tag_set before initializing hctx
Commit 7b815817aa58 ("blk-mq: add helper for checking if one CPU is mapped to specified hctx")
needs to check queue mapping via tag set in hctx's cpuhp handler.
However, q->tag_set may not be setup yet when the cpuhp handler is
enabled, then kernel oops is triggered.
Fix the issue by setup queue tag_set before initializing hctx.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
ublk: don't allow user copy for unprivileged device
UBLK_F_USER_COPY requires userspace to call write() on ublk char
device for filling request buffer, and unprivileged device can't
be trusted.
So don't allow user copy for unprivileged device.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
io_uring/sqpoll: ensure task state is TASK_RUNNING when running task_work
When the sqpoll is exiting and cancels pending work items, it may need
to run task_work. If this happens from within io_uring_cancel_generic(),
then it may be under waiting for the io_uring_task waitqueue. This
results in the below splat from the scheduler, as the ring mutex may be
attempted grabbed while in a TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE state.
Ensure that the task state is set appropriately for that, just like what
is done for the other cases in io_run_task_work().
do not call blocking ops when !TASK_RUNNING; state=1 set at [<0000000029387fd2>] prepare_to_wait+0x88/0x2fc
WARNING: CPU: 6 PID: 59939 at kernel/sched/core.c:8561 __might_sleep+0xf4/0x140
Modules linked in:
CPU: 6 UID: 0 PID: 59939 Comm: iou-sqp-59938 Not tainted 6.12.0-rc3-00113-g8d020023b155 #7456
Hardware name: linux,dummy-virt (DT)
pstate: 61400005 (nZCv daif +PAN -UAO -TCO +DIT -SSBS BTYPE=--)
pc : __might_sleep+0xf4/0x140
lr : __might_sleep+0xf4/0x140
sp : ffff80008c5e7830
x29: ffff80008c5e7830 x28: ffff0000d93088c0 x27: ffff60001c2d7230
x26: dfff800000000000 x25: ffff0000e16b9180 x24: ffff80008c5e7a50
x23: 1ffff000118bcf4a x22: ffff0000e16b9180 x21: ffff0000e16b9180
x20: 000000000000011b x19: ffff80008310fac0 x18: 1ffff000118bcd90
x17: 30303c5b20746120 x16: 74657320313d6574 x15: 0720072007200720
x14: 0720072007200720 x13: 0720072007200720 x12: ffff600036c64f0b
x11: 1fffe00036c64f0a x10: ffff600036c64f0a x9 : dfff800000000000
x8 : 00009fffc939b0f6 x7 : ffff0001b6327853 x6 : 0000000000000001
x5 : ffff0001b6327850 x4 : ffff600036c64f0b x3 : ffff8000803c35bc
x2 : 0000000000000000 x1 : 0000000000000000 x0 : ffff0000e16b9180
Call trace:
__might_sleep+0xf4/0x140
mutex_lock+0x84/0x124
io_handle_tw_list+0xf4/0x260
tctx_task_work_run+0x94/0x340
io_run_task_work+0x1ec/0x3c0
io_uring_cancel_generic+0x364/0x524
io_sq_thread+0x820/0x124c
ret_from_fork+0x10/0x20
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
Bluetooth: Call iso_exit() on module unload
If iso_init() has been called, iso_exit() must be called on module
unload. Without that, the struct proto that iso_init() registered with
proto_register() becomes invalid, which could cause unpredictable
problems later. In my case, with CONFIG_LIST_HARDENED and
CONFIG_BUG_ON_DATA_CORRUPTION enabled, loading the module again usually
triggers this BUG():
list_add corruption. next->prev should be prev (ffffffffb5355fd0),
but was 0000000000000068. (next=ffffffffc0a010d0).
------------[ cut here ]------------
kernel BUG at lib/list_debug.c:29!
Oops: invalid opcode: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP PTI
CPU: 1 PID: 4159 Comm: modprobe Not tainted 6.10.11-4+bt2-ao-desktop #1
RIP: 0010:__list_add_valid_or_report+0x61/0xa0
...
__list_add_valid_or_report+0x61/0xa0
proto_register+0x299/0x320
hci_sock_init+0x16/0xc0 [bluetooth]
bt_init+0x68/0xd0 [bluetooth]
__pfx_bt_init+0x10/0x10 [bluetooth]
do_one_initcall+0x80/0x2f0
do_init_module+0x8b/0x230
__do_sys_init_module+0x15f/0x190
do_syscall_64+0x68/0x110
...
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
Bluetooth: ISO: Fix multiple init when debugfs is disabled
If bt_debugfs is not created successfully, which happens if either
CONFIG_DEBUG_FS or CONFIG_DEBUG_FS_ALLOW_ALL is unset, then iso_init()
returns early and does not set iso_inited to true. This means that a
subsequent call to iso_init() will result in duplicate calls to
proto_register(), bt_sock_register(), etc.
With CONFIG_LIST_HARDENED and CONFIG_BUG_ON_DATA_CORRUPTION enabled, the
duplicate call to proto_register() triggers this BUG():
list_add double add: new=ffffffffc0b280d0, prev=ffffffffbab56250,
next=ffffffffc0b280d0.
------------[ cut here ]------------
kernel BUG at lib/list_debug.c:35!
Oops: invalid opcode: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP PTI
CPU: 2 PID: 887 Comm: bluetoothd Not tainted 6.10.11-1-ao-desktop #1
RIP: 0010:__list_add_valid_or_report+0x9a/0xa0
...
__list_add_valid_or_report+0x9a/0xa0
proto_register+0x2b5/0x340
iso_init+0x23/0x150 [bluetooth]
set_iso_socket_func+0x68/0x1b0 [bluetooth]
kmem_cache_free+0x308/0x330
hci_sock_sendmsg+0x990/0x9e0 [bluetooth]
__sock_sendmsg+0x7b/0x80
sock_write_iter+0x9a/0x110
do_iter_readv_writev+0x11d/0x220
vfs_writev+0x180/0x3e0
do_writev+0xca/0x100
...
This change removes the early return. The check for iso_debugfs being
NULL was unnecessary, it is always NULL when iso_inited is false.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
xhci: tegra: fix checked USB2 port number
If USB virtualizatoin is enabled, USB2 ports are shared between all
Virtual Functions. The USB2 port number owned by an USB2 root hub in
a Virtual Function may be less than total USB2 phy number supported
by the Tegra XUSB controller.
Using total USB2 phy number as port number to check all PORTSC values
would cause invalid memory access.
[ 116.923438] Unable to handle kernel paging request at virtual address 006c622f7665642f
...
[ 117.213640] Call trace:
[ 117.216783] tegra_xusb_enter_elpg+0x23c/0x658
[ 117.222021] tegra_xusb_runtime_suspend+0x40/0x68
[ 117.227260] pm_generic_runtime_suspend+0x30/0x50
[ 117.232847] __rpm_callback+0x84/0x3c0
[ 117.237038] rpm_suspend+0x2dc/0x740
[ 117.241229] pm_runtime_work+0xa0/0xb8
[ 117.245769] process_scheduled_works+0x24c/0x478
[ 117.251007] worker_thread+0x23c/0x328
[ 117.255547] kthread+0x104/0x1b0
[ 117.259389] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x20
[ 117.263582] Code: 54000222 f9461ae8 f8747908 b4ffff48 (f9400100)
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
x86/bugs: Use code segment selector for VERW operand
Robert Gill reported below #GP in 32-bit mode when dosemu software was
executing vm86() system call:
general protection fault: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP
CPU: 4 PID: 4610 Comm: dosemu.bin Not tainted 6.6.21-gentoo-x86 #1
Hardware name: Dell Inc. PowerEdge 1950/0H723K, BIOS 2.7.0 10/30/2010
EIP: restore_all_switch_stack+0xbe/0xcf
EAX: 00000000 EBX: 00000000 ECX: 00000000 EDX: 00000000
ESI: 00000000 EDI: 00000000 EBP: 00000000 ESP: ff8affdc
DS: 0000 ES: 0000 FS: 0000 GS: 0033 SS: 0068 EFLAGS: 00010046
CR0: 80050033 CR2: 00c2101c CR3: 04b6d000 CR4: 000406d0
Call Trace:
show_regs+0x70/0x78
die_addr+0x29/0x70
exc_general_protection+0x13c/0x348
exc_bounds+0x98/0x98
handle_exception+0x14d/0x14d
exc_bounds+0x98/0x98
restore_all_switch_stack+0xbe/0xcf
exc_bounds+0x98/0x98
restore_all_switch_stack+0xbe/0xcf
This only happens in 32-bit mode when VERW based mitigations like MDS/RFDS
are enabled. This is because segment registers with an arbitrary user value
can result in #GP when executing VERW. Intel SDM vol. 2C documents the
following behavior for VERW instruction:
#GP(0) - If a memory operand effective address is outside the CS, DS, ES,
FS, or GS segment limit.
CLEAR_CPU_BUFFERS macro executes VERW instruction before returning to user
space. Use %cs selector to reference VERW operand. This ensures VERW will
not #GP for an arbitrary user %ds.
[ mingo: Fixed the SOB chain. ]
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
pinctrl: apple: check devm_kasprintf() returned value
devm_kasprintf() can return a NULL pointer on failure but this returned
value is not checked. Fix this lack and check the returned value.
Found by code review.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
mm/damon/tests/sysfs-kunit.h: fix memory leak in damon_sysfs_test_add_targets()
The sysfs_target->regions allocated in damon_sysfs_regions_alloc() is not
freed in damon_sysfs_test_add_targets(), which cause the following memory
leak, free it to fix it.
unreferenced object 0xffffff80c2a8db80 (size 96):
comm "kunit_try_catch", pid 187, jiffies 4294894363
hex dump (first 32 bytes):
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
backtrace (crc 0):
[<0000000001e3714d>] kmemleak_alloc+0x34/0x40
[<000000008e6835c1>] __kmalloc_cache_noprof+0x26c/0x2f4
[<000000001286d9f8>] damon_sysfs_test_add_targets+0x1cc/0x738
[<0000000032ef8f77>] kunit_try_run_case+0x13c/0x3ac
[<00000000f3edea23>] kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x80/0xec
[<00000000adf936cf>] kthread+0x2e8/0x374
[<0000000041bb1628>] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x20
This issue was addressed with additional entitlement checks. This issue is fixed in macOS Ventura 13.7.1, macOS Sonoma 14.7.1. An app may be able to modify protected parts of the file system.
An out-of-bounds read was addressed with improved bounds checking. This issue is fixed in macOS Ventura 13.7.1, macOS Sonoma 14.7.1. Parsing a maliciously crafted file may lead to an unexpected app termination.
This issue was addressed by removing the vulnerable code. This issue is fixed in macOS Ventura 13.7.1, macOS Sonoma 14.7.1. A malicious app with root privileges may be able to modify the contents of system files.
This issue was addressed with improved redaction of sensitive information. This issue is fixed in macOS Ventura 13.7.1, macOS Sonoma 14.7.1. An app may be able to access sensitive user data.
The issue was addressed with improved checks. This issue is fixed in tvOS 18.1, iOS 18.1 and iPadOS 18.1, iOS 17.7.1 and iPadOS 17.7.1, macOS Ventura 13.7.1, macOS Sonoma 14.7.1, watchOS 11.1, visionOS 2.1. Processing a maliciously crafted font may result in the disclosure of process memory.
An out-of-bounds access issue was addressed with improved bounds checking. This issue is fixed in macOS Ventura 13.7.1, macOS Sonoma 14.7.1. Processing a maliciously crafted file may lead to unexpected app termination.
An access issue was addressed with additional sandbox restrictions. This issue is fixed in macOS Ventura 13.7.1, macOS Sonoma 14.7.1. An app may be able to access user-sensitive data.
The issue was addressed with improved checks. This issue is fixed in tvOS 18.1, iOS 18.1 and iPadOS 18.1, iOS 17.7.1 and iPadOS 17.7.1, macOS Ventura 13.7.1, macOS Sonoma 14.7.1, watchOS 11.1, visionOS 2.1. Processing a maliciously crafted font may result in the disclosure of process memory.
The issue was addressed with improved checks. This issue is fixed in macOS Ventura 13.7.1, macOS Sonoma 14.7.1. A malicious application may be able to modify protected parts of the file system.
The issue was addressed with improved bounds checks. This issue is fixed in tvOS 18.1, iOS 18.1 and iPadOS 18.1, iOS 17.7.1 and iPadOS 17.7.1, macOS Ventura 13.7.1, macOS Sonoma 14.7.1, watchOS 11.1, visionOS 2.1. Processing a maliciously crafted message may lead to a denial-of-service.
The issue was addressed with improved checks. This issue is fixed in tvOS 18.1, iOS 18.1 and iPadOS 18.1, iOS 17.7.1 and iPadOS 17.7.1, watchOS 11.1, visionOS 2.1, macOS Sequoia 15.1, Safari 18.1. Processing maliciously crafted web content may prevent Content Security Policy from being enforced.
A path deletion vulnerability was addressed by preventing vulnerable code from running with privileges. This issue is fixed in macOS Ventura 13.7.1, macOS Sonoma 14.7.1. An attacker with root privileges may be able to delete protected system files.
The issue was addressed with improved checks. This issue is fixed in macOS Ventura 13.7.1, macOS Sonoma 14.7.1. A malicious application may be able to modify protected parts of the file system.